通信类_其他电脑书_计算机类_最新资料_得益网

同济大学现代通信原理与技术

2008-09-22 14:45:26

UMTS Performance Measurement : A Practical Guide to KPIs for the UTRAN Environment

2008-06-16 03:40:08

Preface

Having dealt with in-depth analysis of SS#7, GSM and GPRS networks I started to monitor
UTRAN interfaces approximately four years ago. Monitoring interfaces means decoding
the data captured on the links and analysing how the different data segments and messages
are related to each other. In general I wanted to trace all messages belonging to a single
call to prove if the network elements and protocol entities involved worked fine or if there
had been failures or if any kind of suspicious events had influenced the normal call
proceeding or the call’s quality of service. Cases showing normal network behaviour have
been documented in Kreher and Ruedebusch (UMTS Signaling. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd,
2005), which provides examples for technical experts investigating call flows and network
procedures.
While still writing the last paragraphs of UMTS Signaling it became obvious that the focus
of leading UMTS technology experts was changing more and more from the investigation of
functional behaviour to the analysis of huge data streams supplied by signalling information
and user data/payload. As a result the idea of a second book was already born before the first
one was ready to be published. Some major customer projects I have been involved in
pushed my ideas and knowledge further into this field. Indeed, if one compares radio-related
information in UMTS and GSM radio access network protocols, e.g. the contents of
measurement reports sent to the network by mobile stations and base stations, it is obvious
that in UMTS much more radio-specific measurements are executed. Reports are sent more
frequently and by using more sophisticated methods than in GSM to guarantee the quality of
service in UMTS networks.
The radio technology behind UMTS is seen in two different varieties: frequency duplex
division (FDD, also known as WCDMA), where uplink and downlink data is transmitted on
two different frequency bands; and time division duplex (TDD), where uplink and downlink
channels are separated using timeslots. TDD is actually beyond the scope of this book,
because it has not been introduced in European and North American networks so far. The
Chinese solution of a low chip rate TDD (TD-SCDMA) has not yet been deployed in the
field, and although deployment may start during 2006 it will take a while before performance
measurement becomes crucial for TD-SCDMA operators. First they have to set emphasis on
the execution of functional tests. Nevertheless, many measurement definitions and key
performance indicators presented in this book will also be valid in TDD networks apart from
mostly radio-related measurements and soft handover analysis, because there is no soft
handover in TDD.
Many ideas and definitions in UMTS performance measurement scenarios are not
described in international standards. There is a big grey zone that covers a wide range
of proprietary definitions. An examination of these proprietary requirements written by
network equipment manufacturers and network operators was a main impetus to write
this book. As a result more than three-quarters of the contents deal with descriptions and
definitions that cannot be found in any international standard document. And very often
proprietary requirements do not entirely depict all necessary measurement details. It is
another aim of this book to close the gap between proprietary and 3GPP performance
measurement definitions as well as the gap between the theory of measurements and
actual implementation.
Ralf Kreher
Berlin, Germany

Contents

Preface ix
Acknowledgements xi
1 Basics of Performance Measurement in UMTS Terrestrial Radio
Access Network (UTRAN) 1
1.1 General Ideas of Performance Measurement 2
1.1.1 What is a KPI? 4
1.1.2 KPI Aggregation Levels and Correlations 6
1.1.3 Basic Approach to Capture and Filter Performance-Related
Data in UTRAN 7
1.1.4 Performance Measurement Definitions of 3GPP 13
1.1.5 User Experience vs. 3GPP Performance Measurement
Definitions 16
1.1.5.1 Problems with Registration and Call Setup 17
1.1.5.2 Dropped Calls 19
1.1.5.3 Poor Transmission Speed 20
1.1.5.4 Corrupted Data 25
1.1.6 Basics of PS Call Analysis in UTRAN 27
1.2 Basic Architectural Concept of Performance Measurement Equipment
Based on Protocol Analysis 34
1.2.1 Protocol Decoding and Protocol Stacks 37
1.2.2 Diversity Combining and Filtering 39
1.2.3 State Transition Analysis 44
1.3 Aggregation Levels/Dimensions 47
1.3.1 SGSN Dimension 47
1.3.2 MSC Dimension 48
1.3.3 SRNC Dimension 48
1.3.4 DRNC Dimension 48
1.3.5 CRNC Dimension 48
1.3.6 Node B Dimension 49
1.3.7 Cell Dimension 49
1.3.8 Call/Connection Dimension 51
1.3.9 UE Dimensions 51
1.3.10 Radio Bearer/Radio Access Bearer Type Dimensions 52
1.4 Statistics Calculation and Presentation 54
1.4.1 Sampling Period 54
1.4.2 Bins 56
1.4.3 The 95th Percentile 57
1.4.4 Gauges and Distribution Functions 58
2 Selected UMTS Key Performance Parameters 61
2.1 Block Error Rate (BLER) Measurements 61
2.1.1 Uplink Block Error Rate (UL BLER) 62
2.1.1.1 Uplink Transport Channel BLER 62
2.1.1.2 UL BLER per Call 65
2.1.1.3 UL BLER per Call Type 65
2.1.2 Downlink Block Error Rate (DL BLER) 65
2.1.2.1 DL BLER per Call or Service 68
2.1.3 Correlation of BLER and Other Measurements 69
2.2 Radio-Related Measurements 71
2.2.1 Radio Link Quality Parameters and Flow Control in Lub
Frame Protocol (FP) 71
2.2.2 NBAP Common Measurements 74
2.2.2.1 Transmitted Carrier Power 76
2.2.2.2 NBAP Common Measurement Enhancements in Release 5 77
2.2.2.3 Received Total Wideband Power 78
2.2.3 NBAP Dedicated Measurements 81
2.2.3.1 Signal-to-Interference Ratio (SIR) 82
2.2.3.2 Signal-to-Interference Ratio Error (SIR Error) 83
2.2.3.3 Uplink SIR Target 85
2.2.3.4 Transmitted Code Power 86
2.2.3.5 Round Trip Time (RTT) 87
2.2.4 RRC Measurements and UE Measurement Abilities 87
2.3 Throughput Measurements 100
2.3.1 RLC Throughput 101
2.3.2 Transport Channel Throughput 102
2.3.3 Packet Switched User Perceived Throughput 112
2.3.4 Application Throughput 114
2.4 Transport Channel Usage Ratio 115
2.5 Primary and Secondary Traffic 118
2.6 Active Set Size Distribution 122
2.7 Soft Handover Success and Failure Analysis 127
2.8 Inter-Frequency Hard Handover Success and Failure Rates 132
2.9 Core Network Hard Handover Success and Failure Rates 137
2.9.1 Intra-MSC and Inter-MSC Hard Handover (3G-3G) 138
2.9.2 3G-2G Inter-RAT Handover for CS and PS Services 143
2.9.2.1 CS 3G-2G Inter-RAT Handover 144
2.9.2.2 PS 3G-2G Inter-RAT Handover 146
2.10 State Transitions and Channel Type Switching 147
2.11 Call Establish Success and Failure Rates 151
2.11.1 RRC Connection Establishment 152
2.11.2 Radio Bearer and Radio Access Bearer Establishment and Release 155
2.12 Call Drop Rates 160
2.13 NBAP Radio Link Failure Analysis and RRC Re-Establishment
Success Rate 165
2.14 Cell Matrices 171
2.15 Miscellaneous Protocol Procedures and Events that Indicate Abnormal
Behaviour of Protocol Entities on Different Layers 174
2.15.1 Miscellaneous RRC Failure Indications and Ratio KPIs 175
2.15.1.1 RRC UTRAN Mobility Information Failure 175
2.15.1.2 RRC Measurement Control Failure 175
2.15.1.3 RRC Status 175
2.15.1.4 RRC Security Mode Failure 176
2.15.1.5 RRC Transport Format Combination Control Failure 176
2.15.1.6 RRC Paging Response 176
2.15.2 SCCP Failure Analysis 177
2.15.2.1 Connection Refused (CREF) 177
2.15.2.2 Inactivity Check Failure 178
2.15.3 RANAP Failure Analysis 178
2.15.3.1 RANAP Reset Resource 178
2.15.3.2 RANAP Reset 178
2.15.3.3 RANAP Overload 178
2.15.4 NBAP Failure Analysis 178
2.15.5 RLC Acknowledge Mode Retransmission Rate 180
3 Call Establishment and Handover Procedures of PS Calls
using HSDPA 181
3.1 HSDPA Cell Set Up 181
3.2 HSDPA Basic Call 182
3.2.1 Call Set Up and Measurement Initialisations 182
3.2.2 Call Release 187
3.3 Mobility Management and Handover Procedures in HSDPA 188
3.3.1 Serving HS-DSCH Cell Change without Change of Active Set 189
3.3.2 Inter-Node B Serving HS-DSCH Cell Change 191
3.3.3 HSDPA Cell Change After Soft Handover 193
Glossary 197
References 205
Index 207

Wireless Network Deployments

2008-06-12 22:23:13

PREFACE

During the past decade, the wireless telecommunication industry’s predominant
source of income was cellular telephone service. At the start of the
new millennium, data services are being perceived as complementing this
prosperity. The cellular telephone market has grown exponentially during
the past decade, and numerous companies in fierce competition to gain a
portion of this growing market have invested heavily to deploy cellular
networks. The main investment for deployment of a cellular network is the
cost of the infrastructure, which includes the equipment, property,
installation, and links connecting the Base Stations (BS). A cellular service
provider has to develop a reasonable deployment plan that has a sound
financial structure. The overall cost of deployment is proportional to the
number of BS sites, and the income derived from the service is proportional
to the number of subscribers, which grows in time. Service providers
typically start their operation with a minimum number of sites requiring the
least initial investment. As the number of subscribers grows, generating a
source of income for the service provider, the investment in the
infrastructure is increased to improve the service and capacity of the network
to accept additional subscribers. A number of techniques have evolved to
support the growth and expansion of cellular networks. These techniques
involve methodologies to increase reuse efficiency, capacity, and coverage
while maintaining the target quality of service (QoS) available to the
subscriber.
Most of the available literature on wireless networks focusses on wireless
access techniques, modem design technologies, radio propagation modeling,
and design of efficient protocols for reliable wireless communications. These
issues are related to the efficiency of the air interface to optimize the usage
of the available bandwidth and to minimize the consumption of power,
consequently extending the lifetime of the batteries. An important aspect of
wireless networks that has not received adequate attention is the deployment
of the infrastructure. Most textbooks discuss the abstract mathematics
employed in determining frequency reuse factors or the methodologies used
in predicting radio propagation to determine the coverage of a radio system.
The real issues faced in network deployments, which limit the theoretical
capacity, coverage, voice quality, etc., or performance enhancements that
take into account the current infrastructure, are not treated adequately. The
objective of this book is to address this gap.
To visualize the complexity of a “green field” or an “overlay” deployment,
one should first realize that (1) a wireless service provider’s largest
investment is the cost of the physical site location (antenna, property, and
maintenance), and (2) the deployment is an evolutionary process. The
service provider starts with an available and potentially promising
technology and a minimum number of sites to provide basic coverage to
high-traffic areas. To support an increasing number of subscribers, a
demand for increased capacity and better quality of service, the service
provider also explores use of more sophisticated antennas (sectored or
smart), use of more efficient wireless access methods (TDMA or CDMA),
and increasing the number of deployed sites and carriers. As a result, in
addition to supporting the continual growth of user traffic with time, the
service provider needs to be concerned about the impact of changes in the
antenna, access technique, or number of sites on the overall efficiency and
return on investment of the deployed network. All major service providers
have a group or a division equipped with sophisticated and expensive
deployment tools and measurement apparatus to cope with these continual
enhancements made in the overall structure of the network.
In this book, we have invited a number of experts to write on a variety of
topics associated with deployment of digital wireless networks. We have
divided these topics into four categories, each constituting a part of the book.
The first part, consisting of three chapters, provides an overview of
deployment issues. Saleh Faruque of Metricom provides a step-by-step
process for system design and engineering integration required in various
stages of deployment. Jay Weitzen and Mark Wallace of NextWave Telecom
address and compare the issues related to deployment of polarization
diversity antenna systems with deployment of the classic two-antenna space
diversity system. Michael Zhao, Yonghai Gu, Scott Gordon, and Martin
Feuerstein of Metawave Communications Corp. examine the performance of
deploying smart antenna architectures in cellular and PCS networks.
The next three parts of the book cover issues involved in deployment of
CDMA, TDMA, and Wireless Data networks. The three chapters in Part II
concern deployment of CDMA networks based on the IS-95 standard. Part II
begins with a chapter by Vincent O’Byrne, Haris Stellakis, and Rajamani
Ganesh of GTE that addresses the complex optimization of dual mode
CDMA networks deployed in an overlaid manner over the legacy analog
AMPS system. The second chapter, by Jin Yang of Vodafone AirTouch,
discusses issues related to embedding a microcell to improve hot-spot
capacity and dead-spot coverage in an existing macrocellular CDMA
network. The last chapter in Part II, by Steven Gray and Giridhar Mandyam
of Nokia Research Center in Texas, addresses detection and mitigation of
intermodulation distortion in CDMA handset transceivers.
Part III deals with issues found in deployment of TDMA based networks.
The first chapter, by Jerome Brouet, Vinod Kumar, and Armelle Wautier of
Alcatel and Ecole Supérieure d’Electricité in France, develops the principle
of hierarchical systems to meet the traffic demand in high density hot-spots
and compares this technique with conventional methods used to enhance the
capacity of TDMA networks. The second chapter in Part III, by R. Ramesh
and Kumar Balachandran of Ericsson, derives a strategy to maximize the
number of ANSI-136 users supported for a given number of AMPS users
and considers reconfigurable transceivers at the base station to increase
traffic capacity in a dual mode ANSI-136/AMPS network. The last chapter
in Part III, by Anwar Bajwa of Camber Systemics Limited in UK, addresses
the practical deployment of the frequency hopping feature in GSM networks
to realize increased capacity with marginal degradation in QoS.
The final part, Part IV, of this book is devoted to Wireless Data Networks.
Wireless data services are divided into (1) mobile data services, providing
low data rates (up to a few hundered Kbps) with comprehensive coverage
comparable to that of cellular telephones; and (2) Wireless LANs, providing
high data rates (more than 1 Mbps) for local coverage and in-building
applications. In the first chapter of Part IV, Hakan Inanoglu of Opuswave
Network and John Reece and Murat Bilgic of Omnipoint Technologies Inc.
discuss fixed deployment considerations of General Packet Radio Services
(GPRS) as an upgrade to currently deployed networks and identify system
performance for slow-moving and stationary terminal units. The last two
chapters deal with deployment of wireless LANs (WLANs). Craig Mathias
of Farpoint Group provides an overview of wireless LANs and talks about
deployment issues related to placement of access points and interference
management. The last chapter, by Anand Prasad, Albert Eikelenboom, Henri
Moelard, Ad Kamerman and Neeli Prasad of Lucent Technogies in The
Netherlands, concentrates on coverage, cell planning, power management,
security, data rates, interference and coexistence, critical issues for
deploying an IEEE 802.11 based WLAN.
We graciously thank all the authors for their contributions and their help
with this book, and we hope our readers will find the book’s content both
unique and beneficial.
Rajamani Ganesh
Kaveh Pahlavan

Contents

Preface vii
PART I: OVERVIEW AND ISSUES IN DEPLOYMENTS
1. Science, Engineering and Art of Cellular Network
Deployment 3
SALEH FARUQUE; Metricom Inc.
2. Comparision of Polarization and Space Diversity in
Operational Cellular and PCS Systems 23
JAY A WEITZEN, MARK S. WALLACE; NextWave Telecom
3. Use of Smart Antennas to Increase Capacity in Cellular
and PCS Networks 39
MICHAEL A. ZHAO, YONGHAI GU, SCOT D. GORDON,
MARTIN J. FEUERSTEIN; Metawave Communications Corp.
PART II: DEPLOYMENT OF CDMA BASED NETWORKS
4. Optimization of Dual Mode CDMA/AMPS Networks 59
VINCENT O’BYRNE; GTE Service Corporation
HARIS STELLAKIS, RAJAMANI GANESH; GTE Laboratories
5. Microcell Engineering in CDMA Networks 83
JIN YANG; Vodafone AirTouch Plc
6. Intermodulation Distortion in IS-95 CDMA Handset
Transceivers 99
STEVEN D. GRAY AND GIRIDHAR D. MANDYAM;
Nokia Research Center
PART III: DEPLOYMENT OF TDMA BASED NETWORKS
7. Hierarchical TDMA Cellular Network With Distributed
Coverage For High Traffic Capacity 131
JéR?ME BROUET, VINOD KUMAR; Alcatel Corporate Reasearch Center
ARMELLE WAUTIER; Ecole Supérieure d’Electricité
8. Traffic Analysis of Partially Overlaid
AMPS/ANSI-136 Systems 153
R.RAMéSH, KUMAR BALACHANDRAN; Ericsson Research
9. Practical Deployment of Frequency Hopping in
GSMNetworks for capacity enhancement 173
ANWAR BAJWA; Camber Systemics Limited
PART IV: DEPLOYMENT OF WIRELESS DATA
NETWORKS
10. General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) 197
HAKAN INANOGLU; Opuswave Networks Inc.
JOHN REECE, MURAT BILGIC; Omnipoint Technologies Inc.
11. Wireless LAN Deployments: An Overview 215
CRAIG J. MATHIAS; Farpoint Group
12. Wireless LANs Network Deployment in Practice 235
ANAND R. PRASAD, ALBERT EIKELENBOOM,
HENRI MOELARD, AD KAMERMAN, NEELI PRASAD;
Lucent Technologies
Contributors 255
About the Editors 265
Index 267

IP Networking over Next Generation Satellite Systems

2008-06-11 13:17:52

Contents
Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
Chapter 1 New Architecture for Next Generation Broadband
Satellite Systems: The SATSIX Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
C. Baudoin, L. Fan, E. Callejo, A. Pietrabissa, F. Rodriguez,
A. Ramos, G. Fairhurst, F. Arnal, and G. Santoro
Chapter 2 Satlife: A Big Step into the Enhancement of the
Regenerative Satellite Generation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Miriam Catalán de Domingo, Isaac Moreno Asenjo,
Ana Yun García, Fernando Vallejo Lázaro,
and José Antonio Guerra Expósito
Chapter 3 SATSIX Satellite System and Network. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
E. Callejo, A. Yun, C. Baudoin, F. Rodriguez,
and J.A. Guerra
Chapter 4 Fast IP Handover Between Satellite Networks
and Wireless LAN Networks for High-Speed Trains . . . . . . . 49
Myunghee Han, Namkyung Lee, Kiseop Han,
and Dongjun Lee
Chapter 5 SATSIX Mobility Architecture and Its Performance
Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
I. Melhus, F. Arnal, T. Gayraud, and B. Jacquemin
Chapter 6 Cross-Layer Anticipation of Resource Allocation
for Multimedia Applications Based on SIP Signaling
over DVB-RCS Satellite System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
F. Nivor, M. Gineste, C. Baudoin, P. Berthou, and T. Gayraud
Chapter 7 Radio Resource Management for Next Generation
DVB-RCS Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
A. Pietrabissa and C. Baudoin
Chapter 8 SATSIX: A Network Architecture for Next-Generation
DVB-RCS Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
L. Fan, C. Baudoin, F. Rodriguez, A. Ramos, J.A. Guerra,
B. de la Cuesta, G. Fairhurst, A. Sathiaseelan, P. Berthou,
T. Gayraud, L. Liang, A. Yun, E. Callejo, I. Melhus,
S. Iyengar, H. Cruickshank, and Z. Sun
Chapter 9 Interworking Strategy Between DVB-RCS and WiMAX. . . . . 127
F. Rodriguez, I. Melhus, L. Fan, A. Pietrabissa,
C. Baudoin, and Z. Sun
Chapter 10 The Satellite Communications Network of Excellence
‘SatNEx’ Removing Barriers, Integrating Research,
Spreading Excellence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Anton Donner
Chapter 11 The Use of Novel Satellite Broadcast Technologies
for the Provision of Integrated Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Evangelos Pallis, George Mastorakis, Athina Burdena,
Ahmed Mehaoua, and Yassine Hadjadj Aoul
Chapter 12 Service Integration in SatLife Regenerative Network. . . . . . 157
I. Moreno, A. Yun, E. Callejo, F. Vallejo, J.A. Torrijos,
R. Giménez, C. Miguel, Dr. H.S. Cruikshank, S. Iyengar,
J. A. Guerra, and M. Catalán
Chapter 13 A Novel QoS Architecture for Next Generation
Broadband Satellite Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
A. Ramos, B. de la Cuesta, B. Carro, J. Aguiar, D. Pérez,
C. Baudoin, P. Berthou, S. Abdellatif, and T. Gayraud
Chapter 14 SatSix and Recent Standardisation Results in ETSI
Broadband Satellite Multimedia (BSM) Networks . . . . . . . . 191
R.J. Mort and H. Cruickshank
Chapter 15 IPv6 Networking over Satellite for
Mobile User Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
àngels Via Estrem and Axel Jahn
Chapter 16 Multicast Architecture for IPv6 over DVB-RCS
Satellite Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
A. Yun, D. Elkouss, E. Callejo, L. Liang, L. Fan, and Z. Sun
Chapter 17 PLATINE: DVB-S2/RCS Enhanced Testbed
for Next Generation Satellite Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
C. Baudoin, M. Dervin, P. Berthou, T. Gayraud, F. Nivor,
B. Jacquemin, D. Barvaux, and J. Nicol
Chapter 18 Overview of the SATSIX Trials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
A. Ramos, D. Pérez, R. Mu?oz, F. Vallejo, B. de la Cuesta,
J. Aguiar, B. Carro, N. Hennion, and P. Zautasvili
Chapter 19 ULE Link Layer Security for DVB Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
S. Iyengar, H. Cruickshank, L. Duquerroy, Z. Sun,
and C. Baudoin
Chapter 20 Implementing VoIP Support in a VSAT Network
Based on SoftSwitch Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
Yosy Hecht
Chapter 21 Performance Evaluation of CRTP and Enhanced
CRTP Within the DVB/RCS Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
G. Dimitriadis, S. Karapantazis, and F.-N. Pavlidou
Chapter 22 Secure Multicast in the Broadband Satellite
Multimedia Networks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
H. Cruickshank, S. Iyengar, L. Fan, Z. Sun, R.J. Mort,
and M. Mezzalla
About the Editors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373

Radio Resource Management in Cellular Systems

2008-06-11 01:39:26

CONTENTS

PREFACE xiii

CHAPTER 1 HANDOFF AND RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
IN CELLULAR SYSTEMS 1
CHAPTER 2 FUZZY LOGIC AND NEURAL NETWORKS 43
CHAPTER 3 ANALYSIS OF HANDOFF AND RADIO RESOURCE
MANAGEMENT ALGORITHMS 57
CHAPTER 4 A GENERIC FUZZY LOGIC BASED
HANDOFF ALGORITHM 83
CHAPTER 5 A NEURAL ENCODED FUZZY LOGIC ALGORITHM 101
CHAPTER 6 A UNIFIED HANDOFF CANDIDACY ALGORITHM 115
CHAPTER 7 PATTERN CLASSIFICATION BASED HANDOFF
ALGORITHMS 127
CHAPTER 8 MICROCELLULAR HANDOFF ALGORITHMS 141
CHAPTER 9 OVERLAY HANDOFF ALGORITHMS 157
CHAPTER 10 SOFT HANDOFF ALGORITHMS 169
CHAPTER 11 RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
AND EMERGING CELLULAR SYSTEMS 181

REFERENCES 221
INDEX 229

Wireless Communications Systems and Networks

2008-06-05 22:13:41

Editorial Reviews

Product Description
Wireless Communications Systems and Networks covers the breadth of research in wireless communications. It begins by detailing the essential background, such as wireless standards, spread spectrum and CDMA systems, and goes on to discuss advanced topics in next generation wireless systems. Discussions of advanced-level materials progress in a step-by-step fashion to ensure that readers with some basic knowledge of wireless communications can easily follow the text, without the need to refer to other related readings. This book is a self-contained reference with chapters by top researchers in the field, and is of great interest to telecommunications engineers, students and researchers.

PREFACE

Since the early 1990s, the wireless communications field has witnessed explosive
growth. The wide range of applications and existing new technologies nowadays
stimulated this enormous growth and encouraged wireless applications. The new
wireless networks will support heterogeneous traffic, consisting of voice, video,
and data (multimedia). This necessitated looking at new wireless generation
technologies and enhance its capabilities. This includes new standards, new levels
of Quality of Service (QoS), new sets of protocols and architectures, noise
reduction, power control, performance enhancement, link and mobility
management, nomadic and wireless networks security, and ad-hoc architectures.
Many of these topics are covered in this textbook.
The aim of this book is research and development in the area of broadband
wireless communications and sensor networks. It is intended for researchers that
need to learn more and do research on these topics. But, it is assumed that the
reader has some background about wireless communications and networking. In
addition to background in each of the chapters, an in-depth analysis is presented to
help our readers gain more R&D insights in any of these areas. The book is
comprised of 22 chapters, written by a group of well-known experts in their
respective fields. Many of them have great industrial experience mixed with
proper academic background.

CONTENTS
Chapter 1. Peer-to-Peer Networking in Mobile Communications Based on
SIP
Josef F. Huber
Chapter 2. Protocols for Data Propagation in Wireless Sensor Networks
Azzedine Boukerche and Sotiris Nikoletseas
Chapter 3. A-Cell: A Novel Architecture for 4G and 4G+ Wireless
Networks
Ahmed M. Safwat
Chapter 4. Third Generation WCDMA Radio Evolution
Harri Holma and Antti Toskala
Chapter 5. Evolution of CDMA from Interference-Limited to Noise
Limited
Hsiao-Hwa Chen
Chapter 6. Power Control Implementation in Generation CDMA
Systems
Bassam Hashem
Chapter 7. Power Control in Wireless Networks: Characteristics and
Fundamentals
Fredrik Gunnarsson
Chapter 8. Average Outage Duration of Wireless Communication Systems
Lin Yang and Mohamed-Slim Alouini
Chapter 9. Enhancing TCP Performance in Wide-Area Cellular Wireless
Networks: Transport Level Approaches
Ekram Hossain and Nadim Parvez
Chapter 10. Multi-Service Wireless Internet Link Enhancements
George Xylomenos and George C. Polyzos
Chapter 11. Portability Architecture for Nomadic Wireless Internet Access
Users and Security Performance Evaluation
Mustafa M. Matalgah, Jihad Qaddour, Omar S. Elkeelany, and
Khurram P. Sheikh
Chapter 12. Design and Implementation of a Softswitch for Third
Generation Mobile All-IP Network
Vincent W.-S. Feng, Yi-Bing Lin, and S.-L. Chou
Chapter 13. Clustering in Moblie Wireless Ad Hoc Networks: Issues and
Approaches
Ekram Hossain, Rajesh Palit, and Parimala Thulasiraman
Chapter 14. Characterizing Uplink Load: Concepts and Algorithms
Erik Geijer Lundin and Fredrik Gunnarsson
Chapter 15. Performance Analysis and Optimization of Multi-Hop
Communication Systems
Mazen O. Hasna and Mohamed-Slim Alouini
Chapter 16. Mobility Management for Wireless Networks: Modeling and
Analysis
Yuguang Fang and Wenchao Ma
Chapter 17. Efficient Information Acquisition and Dissemination in
Pervasive Computing Systems through Caching
Mohan Kumar and Sajal K. Das
Chapter 18. Security in Wireless Mobile and Sensor Networks
Sajal K. Das, Afrand Agah, and Kalyan Basu
Chapter 19. Waveform Shaping Techniques for Bandwidth-Efficient
Digital Modulations
Hsiao-Hwa Chen
Chapter 20. Multiple Antennas
Ezio Biglieri and Giorgio Taricco
Chapter 21. Diagnosis STBC’s for Fading ISI Channels: Code Design and
Equalization
Robert Schober, Wolfgang H. Gerstacker, Lutz H.-J. Lampe, and
Subbarayan Pasupathy
Chapter 22. Fast Routing and Recovery Protocols in Hybrid Ad-hoc
Cellular Networks
Mostafa Bassiouni, Wei Cui, and Bin Zhou
Index

Wireless Communications Systems and Networks

2008-06-05 20:36:35

PREFACE
Since the early 1990s, the wireless communications field has witnessed explosive
growth. The wide range of applications and existing new technologies nowadays
stimulated this enormous growth and encouraged wireless applications. The new
wireless networks will support heterogeneous traffic, consisting of voice, video,
and data (multimedia). This necessitated looking at new wireless generation
technologies and enhance its capabilities. This includes new standards, new levels
of Quality of Service (QoS), new sets of protocols and architectures, noise
reduction, power control, performance enhancement, link and mobility
management, nomadic and wireless networks security, and ad-hoc architectures.
Many of these topics are covered in this textbook.
The aim of this book is research and development in the area of broadband
wireless communications and sensor networks. It is intended for researchers that
need to learn more and do research on these topics. But, it is assumed that the
reader has some background about wireless communications and networking. In
addition to background in each of the chapters, an in-depth analysis is presented to
help our readers gain more R&D insights in any of these areas. The book is
comprised of 22 chapters, written by a group of well-known experts in their
respective fields. Many of them have great industrial experience mixed with
proper academic background.

Editorial Reviews

Product Description
Wireless Communications Systems and Networks covers the breadth of research in wireless communications. It begins by detailing the essential background, such as wireless standards, spread spectrum and CDMA systems, and goes on to discuss advanced topics in next generation wireless systems. Discussions of advanced-level materials progress in a step-by-step fashion to ensure that readers with some basic knowledge of wireless communications can easily follow the text, without the need to refer to other related readings. This book is a self-contained reference with chapters by top researchers in the field, and is of great interest to telecommunications engineers, students and researchers.

CONTENTS

Chapter 1. Peer-to-Peer Networking in Mobile Communications Based on
SIP
Josef F. Huber
Chapter 2. Protocols for Data Propagation in Wireless Sensor Networks
Azzedine Boukerche and Sotiris Nikoletseas
Chapter 3. A-Cell: A Novel Architecture for 4G and 4G+ Wireless
Networks
Ahmed M. Safwat
Chapter 4. Third Generation WCDMA Radio Evolution
Harri Holma and Antti Toskala
Chapter 5. Evolution of CDMA from Interference-Limited to Noise
Limited
Hsiao-Hwa Chen
Chapter 6. Power Control Implementation in Generation CDMA
Systems
Bassam Hashem
Chapter 7. Power Control in Wireless Networks: Characteristics and
Fundamentals
Fredrik Gunnarsson
Chapter 8. Average Outage Duration of Wireless Communication Systems
Lin Yang and Mohamed-Slim Alouini
Chapter 9. Enhancing TCP Performance in Wide-Area Cellular Wireless
Networks: Transport Level Approaches
Ekram Hossain and Nadim Parvez
Chapter 10. Multi-Service Wireless Internet Link Enhancements
George Xylomenos and George C. Polyzos
Chapter 11. Portability Architecture for Nomadic Wireless Internet Access
Users and Security Performance Evaluation
Mustafa M. Matalgah, Jihad Qaddour, Omar S. Elkeelany, and
Khurram P. Sheikh
Chapter 12. Design and Implementation of a Softswitch for Third
Generation Mobile All-IP Network
Vincent W.-S. Feng, Yi-Bing Lin, and S.-L. Chou
Chapter 13. Clustering in Moblie Wireless Ad Hoc Networks: Issues and
Approaches
Ekram Hossain, Rajesh Palit, and Parimala Thulasiraman
Chapter 14. Characterizing Uplink Load: Concepts and Algorithms
Erik Geijer Lundin and Fredrik Gunnarsson
Chapter 15. Performance Analysis and Optimization of Multi-Hop
Communication Systems
Mazen O. Hasna and Mohamed-Slim Alouini
Chapter 16. Mobility Management for Wireless Networks: Modeling and
Analysis
Yuguang Fang and Wenchao Ma
Chapter 17. Efficient Information Acquisition and Dissemination in
Pervasive Computing Systems through Caching
Mohan Kumar and Sajal K. Das
Chapter 18. Security in Wireless Mobile and Sensor Networks
Sajal K. Das, Afrand Agah, and Kalyan Basu
Chapter 19. Waveform Shaping Techniques for Bandwidth-Efficient
Digital Modulations
Hsiao-Hwa Chen
Chapter 20. Multiple Antennas
Ezio Biglieri and Giorgio Taricco
Chapter 21. Diagnosis STBC’s for Fading ISI Channels: Code Design and
Equalization
Robert Schober, Wolfgang H. Gerstacker, Lutz H.-J. Lampe, and
Subbarayan Pasupathy
Chapter 22. Fast Routing and Recovery Protocols in Hybrid Ad-hoc
Cellular Networks
Mostafa Bassiouni, Wei Cui, and Bin Zhou
Index

OFDM-Based Broadband Wireless Networks：Design and Optimization - Wiley.2005.pdf

2008-06-05 09:15:02

Emerging technologies such as WiFi and WiMAX are profoundly changing the
landscape of wireless broadband. As we evolve into future generation wireless
networks, a primary challenge is the support of high data rate, integrated multimedia
type traffic over a unified platform. Due to its inherent advantages in
high-speed communication, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)
has become the modem of choice for a number of high profile wireless systems
(e.g., DVB-T, WiFi, WiMAX, Ultra-wideband).
The book aims at providing wireless professionals and graduate students an
up-to-date treatment of the subject area and, more importantly, the technical
concepts which are at the core of broadband air-interface design and implementation.
Our goal was to produce a textbook which would provide enough
background material and discuss advanced principles that could enable significant
improvements in network characteristics not realizable with current wireless
infrastructure .
For readers interested in the WiFi and WiMAX standards, an appendix
describing the latest innovations and applications specifically related to these
standards is provided. On the other hand, the technical discussion in this book
is not narrowly focused on any specific standard. Instead, each chapter contains
a clear exposition of the fundamental aspects of the topic. An important thread
in this book emphasizes design concepts and algorithms for the air-interface of
OFDM-based broadband wireless access networks. We are interested in protocols
that can capture the full potential of OFDM by jointly optimizing the
link-level and the system-level performance metrics. The technical audience will
be exposed to modern principles and methodologies beyond the current wireless
design paradigm. The coverage includes established techniques as well as an
ensemble of research results and articles by the authors that deal with OFDM
modem and OFDMA-based multiple-access schemes. This mix should be beneficial
not only to entry level students needing a comprehensive understanding
of OFDM, but also to senior graduate students and practicing engineers seeking
wireless system design and optimization guidelines.
Chapters 1 and 2 take a comprehensive look at OFDM, its history, principles
and applications. Design challenges arising from broadband fading channels and
multimedia traffic are discussed. These chapters should have appeal to a broad
audience in understanding the latest trends in broadband wireless technologies.
Chapters 3 and 4 are tailored for physical layer researchers and modem design engineers. Chapter 3 in particular covers the various types of enabling
techniques for OFDM modem, while Chapter 4 provides an extensive treatment
on MIMO and smart antennas and their integration with OFDM. Design
methodologies that are in use or being proposed for future generation systems
(e.g., WiMAX and WiFi) are described.
Chapters 5, 6 and 7 deal with the MAC functionalities and present some system
considerations for OFDMA-based cellular networks. These chapters cover
the important problem of radio resource management through multiple access
control, cross-layer optimization and frequency planning. Issues relevant to
“multiuser diversity” are treated both from information theoretical and system
protocol standpoints.
Appendices which cover IEEE 802.11a/g and IEEE 802.16e provide details
for those interested in the latest development in WiFi and WiMAX standards.
Readers are also referred to ftp://ftp.wiley.com/public/sci-tech-med/ofdm
for future updates regarding this book.
We would like to acknowledge all those who have contributed to the preparation
of this book. Many colleagues and students, past and present, have
contributed their ideas. The contributions of Dr. Guanbin Xin, Dr. Manyuan
Shen, and Prof. Uf Tureli, are particularly noteworthy. The performance analysis
on WiMAX system by Wolf Mack at Adaptix Inc. and the detailed review
by Anatoliy Ioffe have been highly useful for improving this book. It is also a
pleasure to acknowledge those who attended the “Mobile Broadband Network”
course at the University of Washington for their helpful suggestions and corrections.
Finally, we would like to thank our home institute, the University
of Washington, and NSF and ONR for supporting our research activities in
wireless OFDM network over the past years.

Wireless Technology : Protocols, Standards, and Techniques

2008-06-03 22:38:49

Preface

We can always wait a bit longer to write a better book on technology.We can
always wait . . .
In this ever-changing technological scenario, keeping pace with the rapid
evolution of wireless technology is a formidable, exciting, and indispensable
task more than a challenge. The work is indeed herculean and often discouraging,
for technology is vast, the number of topics to be approached is
immense, the documentation on standards and recommendations comprises
piles of uncountable pages, and we often find we are leaving something important
behind when selecting the appropriate subject matter to explore. The
consolation, if any, is that as we explore the technologies, we find that much
commonality exists among them, although particular features are rather different
in each.
The challenge of writing a book in such a “hot” and vivacious field is to
provide a clear and concise resource to accommodate the learning process of
the basic functions of the main technologies. I did try to keep this in mind
throughout the course of selection and description of the topics included in
this book. I hope I have succeeded, at least to a certain extent.
The book, divided into five parts, describes protocols, standards, and techniques
for 2G and 3G technologies, including those specific to wireless multimedia.
The first part—Introduction—contains three chapters and covers the
basic principles of wireless communications. The second part—2G Systems—
consists of two chapters and describes two leading technologies of the second
generation. The third part—Wireless Data—comprises one chapter and introduces
three main wireless data technologies. The fourth part—3G Systems—
encompasses three chapters and details the general concepts of thirdgeneration
systems as well as two chief third-generation technologies. The
fifth part—Appendices—provides a glimpse at some telecommunication issues
that are relevant to the understanding of the main text and that are not
covered in the introductory part of the book. A more detailed description of
the book structure follows.
Part I: Introduction
Chapter 1—Wireless Network—develops the wireless network concepts within
the Intelligent Network framework and describes the basic functions a telecommunication
system must provide so that wireless and mobile capabilities
can be implemented. General network and protocol architectures and
channel structures are described that are common to the main systems. These
descriptions are based on ITU Recommendations, which generalize those concepts
that have been used for the various cellular networks. Specific solutions
are then detailed in the other chapters.
Chapter 2—Cellular Principles—introduces the cellular technology fundamentals,
providing a unified approach of these concepts for narrowband
and wideband solutions. Topics explored in this chapter include universal
frequency reuse, sectorization, power control, handoff, voice activity, interference,
and others. Besides the traditional hexagonal tessellation for macrocellular
networks, the chapter examines the subject of reuse pattern for microcellular
systems. In addition, hierarchical cell structure, overall mean capacity
for multirate systems, and the main features of narrowband and wideband
networks are also addressed.
Chapter 3—Multiple Access—analyzes a considerable number of multiple
access control techniques. Several conventional and more advanced duplexing
and multiple access protocols are detailed that comply with the various
classes of traffic and multirate transmission utilized in broadband services.
The access and duplexing methods are explored in the frequency domain,
time domain, code domain, and space domain. The performance of the techniques
is investigated in terms of channel capacity, throughput, and delay.
Part II: 2G Systems
Chapter 4—GSM—describes the Global System for Mobile Communication
cellular network in terms of its features and services, architecture, physical
channels, logical channels, signaling messages, call management, and
particular features.
Chapter 5—cdmaOne—details the features and services, architecture, physical
channels, logical channels, signaling messages, call management, and
particular features for TIA/EIA/IS-95-A as well as for its evolved version
TIA/EIA/IS-95-B.
Part III: Wireless Data
Chapter 6—Wireless Data Technology—depicts three data technologies applied
to wireless networks, namely, General Packet Radio Service (GPRS),
TIA/EIA/IS-95B, and High Data Rate (HDR). These technologies are described
in terms of their basic architectures and achievable data transmission
rates.
Part IV: 3G Systems
Chapter 7—IMT-2000—introduces the topic on third-generation wireless networks
based on the International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-
2000) concept. It describes the functional subsystems, the IMT-2000 family
concept, and the capability set concept. It also develops the network functional
model for IMT-2000.
Chapter 8—UTRA—details the IMT-2000 radio interface for direct
sequence code division multiple access, the so-called Universal Terrestrial
Radio Access (UTRA) or Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) 3G radio transmission
technology. Descriptions include its FDD as well as its TDD options.
Chapter 9—cdma2000—details the IMT-2000 CDMA multicarrier radio
interface, the so-called cdma2000 3G radio transmission technology. Descriptions
include its various radio configurations, the 1xEV-DO radio con-
figuration option being one of them.
Part V: Appendices
These Appendices provide tutorial information on topics such as OSI Reference
Model, Signaling System Number 7, Spread Spectrum, and Positioning
of Interferers in a Microcellular Grid.
The book is suitable as text as well as a reference. As a textbook, it fits into
a semester course for both undergraduate and graduate levels in electrical
engineering, wireless communications, and more generally in information
technology. As a reference, it serves systems engineers and analysts, hardware
and software developers, researchers, and engineers responsible for
the operation, maintenance, and management of wireless communication
systems.

Contents

Part I Introduction
1 Wireless Network
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Intelligent Network
1.2.1 IN Protocol Architecture
1.2.2 IN Elements
1.2.3 Wireless Service Requirements
1.2.4 Wireless IN Services
1.2.5 IN Standards
1.3 Network Architecture
1.4 Protocol Architecture
1.5 Channel Structure
1.5.1 RF Channel
1.5.2 Physical Channel
1.5.3 Logical Channel
1.6 Narrowband and Wideband Systems
1.7 Multiple Access
1.7.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access
1.7.2 Time Division Multiple Access
1.7.3 Code Division Multiple Access
1.7.4 Space Division Multiple Access
1.8 Summary
2 Cellular Principles
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Cellular Hierarchy
2.3 System Management
2.3.1 Link Quality Measurement
2.3.2 Cell Selection
2.3.3 Channel Selection/Assignment
2.3.4 Handover
2.3.5 Mobility Support
2.4 System Performance
2.4.1 Interference Control
2.4.2 Diversity Strategies
2.4.3 Variable Data Rate Control
2.4.4 Capacity Improvement Techniques
2.4.5 Battery-Saving Techniques
2.5 Cellular Reuse Pattern
2.6 Macrocellular Reuse Pattern
2.6.1 Reuse Factor (Number of Cells per Cluster)
2.6.2 Reuse Ratio
2.6.3 Positioning of the Co-Cells
2.7 Microcellular Reuse Pattern
2.7.1 Reuse Factor (Number of Cells per Cluster)
2.7.2 Reuse Ratio
2.7.3 Positioning of the Co-Cells
2.8 Interference in Narrowband and Wideband Systems
2.9 Interference in Narrowband Macrocellular Systems
2.9.1 Downlink Interference—Omnidirectional Antenna
2.9.2 Uplink Interference—Omnidirectional Antenna
2.9.3 Downlink Interference—Directional Antenna
2.9.4 Uplink Interference—Directional Antenna
2.9.5 Examples
2.10 Interference in Narrowband Microcellular Systems
2.10.1 Propagation
2.10.2 Uplink Interference
2.10.3 Downlink Interference
2.10.4 Examples
2.11 Interference in Wideband Systems
2.11.1 Uplink Interference
2.11.2 Downlink Interference
2.12 Network Capacity
2.12.1 Narrowband Systems
2.12.2 Wideband Systems
2.12.3 Uplink Load Factor
2.12.4 Downlink Load Factor
2.13 Summary
3 Multiple Access
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Signal Domains
3.2.1 Frequency Domain
3.2.2 Time Domain
3.2.3 Code Domain
3.2.4 Space Domain
3.2.5 Brief Remarks on Signal Domains
3.3 Duplexing
3.3.1 Frequency Division Duplexing
3.3.2 Time Division Duplexing
3.3.3 Code Division Duplexing
3.3.4 Space Division Duplexing
3.3.5 Brief Remarks on Duplexing Techniques
3.4 Multiple-Access Categories
3.5 Scheduled Multiple Access
3.5.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access
3.5.2 Time Division Multiple Access
3.5.3 Code Division Multiple Access
3.5.4 Space Division Multiple Access
3.5.5 Brief Remarks on Scheduled Multiple-Access
Techniques
3.6 Random Multiple Access
3.6.1 ALOHA
3.6.2 Splitting Algorithms
3.6.3 Carrier Sense Multiple Access
3.6.4 Brief Remarks on Random Multiple-Access
Techniques
3.7 Controlled Multiple Access
3.7.1 Polling Controlled
3.7.2 Token Controlled
3.7.3 Brief Remarks on Controlled Multiple-Access
Techniques
3.8 Hybrid Multiple Access
3.8.1 Reservation-ALOHA (R-ALOHA)
3.8.2 Packet Reservation Multiple Access (PRMA)
3.8.3 Distributed Queuing Request Update Multiple
Access (DQRUMA)
3.8.4 Dynamic Slot Assignment (DSA++)
3.8.5 Dynamic TDMA with Piggyback
Reservation (DTDMA/PR)
3.8.6 Mobile Access Scheme Based on Contention
and Reservation for ATM (MASCARA)
3.8.7 Dynamic TDMA with Time Division
Duplex (DTDMA/TDD)
3.8.8 Resource Auction Multiple
Access (RAMA)
3.8.9 Brief Remarks on Hybrid Multiple-Access
Techniques
3.9 Summary
Part II 2G Systems
4 GSM
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Features and Services
4.2.1 Teleservices
4.2.2 Bearer Services
4.2.3 Supplementary Services
4.3 Architecture
4.3.1 Mobile Station Subsystem
4.3.2 Base Station Subsystem
4.3.3 Network and Switching Subsystem
4.3.4 Operation and Support Subsystem
4.3.5 Open Interfaces
4.4 Multiple Access
4.4.1 Signal Processing
4.4.2 Multiple Access
4.4.3 Physical Channels
4.4.4 Burst Formats
4.4.5 Logical Channels
4.4.6 Multiframes
4.5 The Logical Channels
4.5.1 Traffic Channels
4.5.2 Frequency Correction Channel
4.5.3 Synchronization Channel
4.5.4 Broadcast Control Channel
4.5.5 Paging Channel
4.5.6 Access Grant Channel
4.5.7 Random Access Channel
4.5.8 Stand-Alone Dedicated Control Channel
4.5.9 Slow Associated Control Channel
4.5.10 Fast Associated Control Channel
4.6 Messages
4.6.1 DLC Messages
4.6.2 RRM Messages
4.6.3 CM Messages
4.6.4 MM Messages
4.7 Call Management
4.7.1 Mobile Initialization
4.7.2 Location Update
4.7.3 Authentication
4.7.4 Ciphering
4.7.5 Mobile Station Termination
4.7.6 Mobile Station Origination
4.7.7 Handover
4.7.8 Call Clearing
4.8 Frequency Hopping
4.9 Discontinuous Transmission
4.10 Power Control
4.11 Spectral Efficiency
4.12 Summary
5 cdmaOne
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Features and Services
5.2.1 Voice Features
5.2.2 Short Message Service Features
5.3 Architecture
5.3.1 Mobile Station
5.3.2 Base Station
5.3.3 Mobile Switching Center
5.3.4 Home Location Register
5.3.5 Visitor Location Register
5.3.6 Authentication Center
5.3.7 Equipment Identity Register
5.3.8 Message Center
5.3.9 Short Message Entity
5.3.10 Data Message Handler
5.3.11 Operations System
5.3.12 Interworking Function
5.3.13 External Networks
5.3.14 Interface Reference Points
5.4 Multiple-Access Structure
5.4.1 Forward Link
5.4.2 Reverse Link
5.4.3 Physical Channels
5.4.4 Logical Channels
5.5 The Logical Channels
5.5.1 Pilot Channel
5.5.2 Sync Channel
5.5.3 Paging Channel
5.5.4 Access Channel
5.5.5 Traffic Channel—Forward and
Reverse Links
5.6 Signaling Format
5.7 Messages, Orders, and Parameters
5.8 Messages and Orders and Logical Channels
5.8.1 Pilot Channel
5.8.2 Sync Channel
5.8.3 Paging Channel
5.8.4 Access Channel
5.8.5 Traffic Channel: Forward and Reverse Links
5.8.6 Forward Traffic Channel
5.8.7 Reverse Traffic Channel
5.9 Mobile Station Call Processing
5.9.1 Mobile Station Initialization State
5.9.2 Mobile Station Idle State
5.9.3 System Access State
5.9.4 Mobile Station Control on the Traffic Channel State
5.10 Base Station Call Processing
5.10.1 Pilot and Sync Channel Processing
5.10.2 Paging Channel Processing
5.10.3 Access Channel Processing
5.10.4 Traffic Channel Processing
5.11 Authentication, Message Encryption, and Voice Privacy
5.12 Authentication
5.12.1 Updating the Shared Secret Data
5.12.2 Mobile Station Registrations
5.12.3 Mobile Station Originations
5.12.4 Mobile Station Terminations
5.12.5 Mobile Station Data Burst
5.12.6 Unique Challenge-Response Procedure
5.13 Message Encryption
5.14 Voice Privacy
5.15 Roaming
5.16 Handoff
5.16.1 Types of Handoff
5.16.2 Handoff and Pilot Sets
5.16.3 Handoff Parameters
5.16.4 Handoff Messages
5.16.5 Pilot Sets Updating
5.17 Power Control
5.17.1 Reverse-Link Power Control
5.17.2 Forward-Link Power Control
5.18 Call Procedures
5.18.1 Mobile Station Origination
5.18.2 Mobile Station Termination
5.18.3 Call Disconnect
5.19 EIA/TIA/IS-95B
5.19.1 Increase in the Transmission Rate
5.19.2 Power Control
5.19.3 Soft Handoff Criteria
5.19.4 Hard Handoff
5.19.5 Idle Handoff
5.19.6 Conclusions
5.20 Summary
Part III Wireless Data
6 Wireless Data Technology
6.1 Introduction
6.2 General Packet Radio Service
6.2.1 Network Architecture
6.2.2 Protocol Architecture
6.2.3 Data Flow and Data Structure
6.2.4 Physical Channels and Logical Channels
6.2.5 Medium Access
6.2.6 Data Transfer Procedure
6.2.7 Mobile-Originated Data Transfer
6.2.8 Mobile-Terminated Data Transfer
6.2.9 Throughput Performance
6.2.10 GPRS—Summary
6.3 EIA/TIA/IS-95B
6.4 High Data Rate
6.4.1 HDR Solution
6.4.2 Network Architecture
6.4.3 Protocol Architecture
6.4.4 Channels and Channel Structure
6.4.5 Medium Access
6.4.6 Throughput Performance
6.4.7 Handoff Features
6.4.8 HDR Summary
6.5 Summary
Part IV 3G Systems
7 IMT-2000
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Some Definitions
7.3 Frequency Allocation
7.4 Features and Services
7.5 Traffic Classes
7.6 IMT-2000 System and IMT-2000 Family
7.6.1 Interfaces
7.6.2 Global Roaming
7.7 Specific Functions
7.7.1 Overall System Access Control Functions
7.7.2 Radio Resource Management and Control Functions
7.7.3 Random-Access Functions
7.7.4 Radio Resource Request Acceptability Functions
7.7.5 Channel Coding Function
7.7.6 Handover Function
7.7.7 Location Management and Geographic
Position–Finding Functions
7.7.8 Mobile Call Handling Functions
7.7.9 Data Coding and Compression Functions
7.7.10 Network Intelligence and Service Control Functions
7.7.11 User Privacy and Network Security Functions
7.7.12 Emergency Services Functions
7.7.13 Charging Functions
7.7.14 Support of Users Function
7.7.15 Subscriber Data Management Functions
7.7.16 Messaging Service Management Functions
7.7.17 Software-Configurable Terminals Functions
7.8 Network Architecture
7.8.1 Physical Entities—Reference Model
7.8.2 Interface—Reference Points
7.9 Physical Entities and Functional Entities
7.9.1 User Identity Module
7.9.2 Mobile Terminal
7.9.3 Base Station
7.9.4 Radio Network Controller
7.9.5 Authentication Center
7.9.6 Drift MSC
7.9.7 Gateway Location Register
7.9.8 Gateway MSC
7.9.9 Home Location Register
7.9.10 Intelligent Peripheral
7.9.11 Mobile Switching Center
7.9.12 Packet Data Gateway Node
7.9.13 Packet Data Serving Node
7.9.14 Service Control Point
7.9.15 Service Data Point
7.9.16 Visitor Location Register
7.10 Functional Entities and Their Interrelations
7.11 Application of the IMT-2000 Family Member Concept
7.11.1 Radio Transmission Technology
7.11.2 Core Network
7.11.3 Radio Transmission Technologies and
Core Networks
7.12 Toward 3G
7.12.1 An Overview
7.12.2 Network Architecture
7.13 Summary
8 UTRA
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Network Architecture
8.3 Protocol Architecture
8.3.1 Radio Network Layer
8.3.2 Transport Network Layer
8.4 Radio Interface Protocol Architecture
8.4.1 Layer 3
8.4.2 Layer 2
8.4.3 Layer 1
8.5 Logical Channels
8.6 Transport Channels and Indicators
8.7 Physical Channels and Physical Signals
8.7.1 UTRA FDD Physical Channels
8.7.2 UTRA TDD Physical Channels
8.8 Mapping of Channels
8.9 Physical Layer Transmission Chain
8.10 Channel and Frame Structures
8.10.1 UTRA FDD Uplink Physical Channels
8.10.2 UTRA FDD Downlink Physical Channels
8.10.3 UTRA TDD-3.84
8.10.4 UTRA TDD-1.28
8.11 Spreading and Modulation
8.11.1 Uplink Spreading
8.11.2 Downlink Spreading
8.12 Spreading Codes
8.12.1 Channelization Codes
8.12.2 Uplink Scrambling Codes
8.12.3 Downlink Scrambling Codes
8.13 UTRA Procedures
8.13.1 Cell Search
8.13.2 Common Physical Channel Synchronization
8.13.3 Radio Link Establishment and Monitoring
8.13.4 Uplink DPCCH and DPDCH Reception
8.13.5 Uplink Power Control
8.13.6 Downlink Power Control
8.13.7 Paging Procedure
8.13.8 Random-Access Procedure
8.13.9 CPCH Access Procedure
8.13.10 Transmit Diversity
8.13.11 Handover Procedure
8.13.12 Timing Advance
8.13.13 Dynamic Channel Allocation
8.14 Interference Issues
8.15 Summary
9 cdma2000
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Network Architecture
9.2.1 Network Entities
9.2.2 Reference Points
9.3 Radio Interface Protocol Architecture
9.3.1 Upper Layers
9.3.2 Layer 2
9.3.3 Layer 1
9.4 Logical Channels
9.5 Physical Channels
9.6 Mapping of Channels
9.7 Achievable Rates
9.8 Forward Link
9.8.1 General
9.8.2 Spreading Rate
9.8.3 Physical Channels
9.8.4 Radio Configuration
9.8.5 Power Control
9.8.6 Transmit Diversity
9.8.7 Transmission Block
9.9 Reverse Link
9.9.1 General
9.9.2 Spreading Rate
9.9.3 Physical Channels
9.9.4 Radio Configuration
9.9.5 Transmission Block
9.10 Forward Physical Channels
9.10.1 Forward Pilot Channel
9.10.2 Forward Transmit Diversity Pilot Channel
9.10.3 Forward Auxiliary Pilot Channel
9.10.4 Forward Auxiliary Transmit Diversity
Pilot Channel
9.10.5 Forward Dedicated Auxiliary Pilot Channel
9.10.6 Forward Synchronization Channel
9.10.7 Forward Paging Channel
9.10.8 Forward Broadcast Control Channel
9.10.9 Forward Quick Paging Channel
9.10.10 Forward Common Control Channel
9.10.11 Forward Common Assignment Channel
9.10.12 Forward Common Power Control Channel
9.10.13 Forward Fundamental Channel and Forward
Supplemental Code Channel
9.10.14 Forward Fundamental Channel and Forward
Supplemental Channel
9.10.15 Forward Dedicated Control Channel
9.11 Reverse Physical Channels
9.11.1 Reverse Access Channel
9.11.2 Reverse Enhanced Access Channel
9.11.3 Reverse Common Control Channel
9.11.4 Reverse Pilot Channel and Reverse Power
Control Subchannel
9.11.5 Reverse Fundamental Channel and Reverse
Supplemental Code Channel
9.11.6 Reverse Fundamental Channel and Reverse
Supplemental Channel
9.11.7 Reverse Dedicated Control Channel
9.12 High-Rate Packet Data Access
9.12.1 Forward Link—General
9.12.2 Forward-Link Channels
9.12.3 Forward-Link Quadrature Spreading
9.12.4 Forward-Link Data Rates and Modulation
Parameters
9.12.5 Forward-Link Transmission
9.12.6 Reverse Link—General
9.12.7 Reverse-Link Channels
9.12.8 Reverse-Link Quadrature Spreading
9.12.9 Reverse-Link Data Rates and Modulation
Parameters
9.12.10 Reverse-Link Transmission
9.12.11 Open-Loop Power Control Operation
9.12.12 Closed-Loop Power Control Operation
9.13 Summary
Part V Appendices
A Open Systems Interconnection
B Signaling System Number 7
C Spread Spectrum
C.1 Correlation
C.2 Pseudonoise Sequences
C.3 Walsh Codes
C.4 Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor Codes
C.5 Rake Receiver
C.6 Processing Gain
C.7 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
C.8 Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
D Positioning of the Interferers in a Microcellular Grid
D.1 Collinear Type
D.2 Even Noncollinear Type
D.3 Odd Nonprime Noncollinear Type
D.4 Prime Noncollinear Type

3G Evolution : HSPA and LTE for Mobile Broadband

2008-06-03 22:28:35

Preface

During the past years, there has been a quickly rising interest in radio access
technologies for providing mobile as well as nomadic and fixed services for voice,
video and data. The difference in design, implementation, and use between telecom
and datacom technologies is also getting more blurred. One example is cellular
technologies from the telecom world being used for broadband data and wireless
LAN from the datacom world being used for voice over IP.
Today, the most widespread radio access technology for mobile communication is
digital cellular, with the number of user forecasted to reach 3 billion by 2007, which
is almost half of the world’s population. It has emerged from early deployments
of an expensive voice service for a few car-borne users, to today’s widespread
use of third generation mobile-communication devices that provide a range of
mobile services and often include camera, MP3 player and PDA functions. With
this widespread use and increasing interest in 3G, a continuing evolution ahead is
foreseen.
This book describes the evolution of3Gdigital cellular into an advanced broadband
mobile access. The focus of this book is on the evolution of the 3G mobile communication
as developed in the 3GPP standardization (Third Generation Partnership
Project), looking at the radio access and access network evolution.
This book is divided into five parts. Part I gives the background to 3G and its
evolution, looking also at the different standards bodies and organizations involved
in the process of defining 3G. It is followed by a discussion of the reasons and
driving forces behind the 3G evolution. Part II gives a deeper insight into some
of the technologies that are included, or are expected to be included as part of the
3G evolution. Because of its generic nature, Part II can be used as a background
not only for the evolution steps taken in 3GPP as described in this book, but also
for readers that want to understand the technology behind other systems, such as
WiMAX and CDMA2000.
Part III describes the currently ongoing evolution of 3GWCDMAinto High Speed
Packet Access (HSPA). It gives an overview of the key features of HSPA and its
continued evolution in the context of the technologies from Part II. Following
this, the different uplink and downlink components are outlined and finally more
detailed descriptions of how they work together are given.
Part IV introduces the Long Term Evolution (LTE) and System Architecture Evolution
(SAE). As a start, the agreed requirements and objectives for LTE are
described. This is followed by an introductory technical overview of LTE, where
the most important technology components are introduced, also here based on the
generic technologies given in Part II. As a second step, a more detailed description
of the protocol structure is given, with further details on the uplink and downlink
transmission schemes and access procedures. The system architecture evolution,
applicable to both LTE and HSPA, is given with details of Radio Access Network
and Core Network.
Finally in Part V, an assessment is made of the 3G evolution. An evaluation of the
performance puts the 3G evolution tracks in relation to the targets set in 3GPP.
Through an overview of similar technologies developed in other standards bodies,
it will be clear that the technologies adopted for the evolution in 3GPP are implemented
in many other systems as well. Finally looking into the future, it will be
seen that the 3G evolution does not stop with the HSPA Evolution and LTE.

Contents

List of Figures xiii
List of Tables xxiii
Preface xxv
Acknowledgements xxvii
List of Acronyms xxix
Part I: Introduction
1 Background of 3G evolution 3
1.1 History and background of 3G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1.1 Before 3G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1.2 Early 3G discussions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.1.3 Research on 3G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.1.4 3G standardization starts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.2 Standardization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.2.1 The standardization process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.2.2 3GPP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.2.3 IMT-2000 activities in ITU. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.3 Spectrum for 3G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2 The motives behind the 3G evolution 17
2.1 Driving forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.1.1 Technology advancements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.1.2 Services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 19
2.1.3 Cost and performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.2 3G evolution: two Radio Access Network approaches and
an evolved core network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.2.1 Radio Access Network evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.2.2 A evolved core network: System Architecture
Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Part II: Technologies for 3G Evolution
3 High data rates in mobile communication 31
3.1 High data rates: fundamental constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.1.1 High data rates in noise-limited scenarios. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 33
3.1.2 Higher data rates in interference-limited scenarios . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.2 Higher data rates within a limited bandwidth: higher-order
modulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 36
3.2.1 Higher-order modulation in combination with
channel coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.2.2 Variations in instantaneous transmit power. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 38
3.3 Wider bandwidth including multi-carrier transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.3.1 Multi-carrier transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4 OFDM transmission 45
4.1 Basic principles of OFDM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4.2 OFDM demodulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4.3 OFDM implementation using IFFT/FFT processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4.4 Cyclic-prefix insertion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
4.5 Frequency-domain model of OFDM transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
4.6 Channel estimation and reference symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
4.7 Frequency diversity withOFDM:importance of channel coding. . . . . . 55
4.8 Selection of basic OFDM parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4.8.1 OFDM subcarrier spacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4.8.2 Number of subcarriers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
4.8.3 Cyclic-prefix length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
4.9 Variations in instantaneous transmission power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
4.10 OFDM as a user-multiplexing and multiple-access scheme . . . . . . . 61
4.11 Multi-cell broadcast/multicast transmission and OFDM . . . . . . . . . . 63
5 Wider-band ‘single-carrier’ transmission 67
5.1 Equalization against radio-channel frequency selectivity . . . . . . . . . 67
5.1.1 Time-domain linear equalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
5.1.2 Frequency-domain equalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
5.1.3 Other equalizer strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
5.2 Uplink FDMA with flexible bandwidth assignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
5.3 DFT-spread OFDM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 75
5.3.1 Basic principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
5.3.2 DFTS-OFDM receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
5.3.3 User multiplexing with DFTS-OFDM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
5.3.4 DFTS-OFDM with spectrum shaping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
5.3.5 Distributed DFTS-OFDM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
6 Multi-antenna techniques 83
6.1 Multi-antenna configurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
6.2 Benefits of multi-antenna techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
6.3 Multiple receive antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
6.4 Multiple transmit antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
6.4.1 Transmit-antenna diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
6.4.2 Transmitter-side beam-forming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
6.5 Spatial multiplexing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
6.5.1 Basic principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
6.5.2 Pre-coder-based spatial multiplexing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
6.5.3 Non-linear receiver processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
7 Scheduling, link adaptation and hybrid ARQ 107
7.1 Link adaptation: Power and rate control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
7.2 Channel-dependent scheduling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
7.2.1 Downlink scheduling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
7.2.2 Uplink scheduling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
7.2.3 Link adaptation and channel-dependent scheduling
in the frequency domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
7.2.4 Acquiring on channel-state information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
7.2.5 Traffic behavior and scheduling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
7.3 Advanced retransmission schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
7.4 Hybrid ARQ with soft combining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Part III: HSPA
8 WCDMA evolution: HSPA and MBMS 129
8.1 WCDMA: brief overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
8.1.1 Overall architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
8.1.2 Physical layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
8.1.3 Resource handling and packet-data session . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
9 High-Speed Downlink Packet Access 141
9.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
9.1.1 Shared-channel transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
9.1.2 Channel-dependent scheduling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
9.1.3 Rate control and higher-order modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
9.1.4 Hybrid ARQ with soft combining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 144
9.1.5 Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
9.2 Details of HSDPA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
9.2.1 HS-DSCH: inclusion of features inWCDMARelease 5. . . . . 146
9.2.2 MAC-hs and physical-layer processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
9.2.3 Scheduling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
9.2.4 Rate control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
9.2.5 Hybrid ARQ with soft combining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 155
9.2.6 Data flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
9.2.7 Resource control for HS-DSCH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 159
9.2.8 Mobility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
9.2.9 UE categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
9.3 Finer details of HSDPA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
9.3.1 Hybrid ARQ revisited: physical-layer processing . . . . . . . . . . 164
9.3.2 Interleaving and constellation rearrangement. . . . . . . . .. . . . . 168
9.3.3 Hybrid ARQ revisited: protocol operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
9.3.4 In-sequence delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
9.3.5 MAC-hs header . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
9.3.6 CQI and other means to assess the downlink quality . . . . . . . 175
9.3.7 Downlink control signaling: HS-SCCH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
9.3.8 Downlink control signaling: F-DPCH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
9.3.9 Uplink control signaling: HS-DPCCH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
10 Enhanced Uplink 185
10.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
10.1.1 Scheduling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
10.1.2 Hybrid ARQ with soft combining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
10.1.3 Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
10.2 Details of Enhanced Uplink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
10.2.1 MAC-e and physical layer processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
10.2.2 Scheduling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
10.2.3 E-TFC selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
10.2.4 Hybrid ARQ with soft combining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
10.2.5 Physical channel allocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
10.2.6 Power control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
10.2.7 Data flow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
10.2.8 Resource control for E-DCH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
10.2.9 Mobility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
10.2.10 UE categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
10.3 Finer details of Enhanced Uplink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 213
10.3.1 Scheduling – the small print . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
10.3.2 Further details on hybrid ARQ operation . . . . . . . .. . . . . 222
10.3.3 Control signaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
11 MBMS: multimedia broadcast multicast services 239
11.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
11.1.1 Macro-diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
11.1.2 Application-level coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
11.2 Details of MBMS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 246
11.2.1 MTCH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 246
11.2.2 MCCH and MICH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
11.2.3 MSCH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 249
12 HSPA Evolution 251
12.1 MIMO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
12.1.1 HSDPA-MIMO data transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
12.1.2 Rate control for HSDPA-MIMO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
12.1.3 Hybrid ARQ with soft combining for HSDPAMIMO
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 256
12.1.4 Control signaling for HSDPA-MIMO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
12.1.5 UE capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
12.2 Higher-order modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
12.3 Continuous packet connectivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 259
12.3.1 DTX – reducing uplink overhead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 261
12.3.2 DRX – reducing UE power consumption. . . . . . . .. . . . . 263
12.3.3 HS-SCCH-less operation: downlink overhead
reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
12.3.4 Control signaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
12.4 Enhanced CELL_FACH operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
12.5 Layer 2 protocol enhancements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 268
12.6 Advanced receivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
12.6.1 Advanced UE receivers specified in 3GPP . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
12.6.2 Receiver diversity (type 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
12.6.3 Chip-level equalizers and similar receivers (type 2). . . . . 270
12.6.4 Combination with antenna diversity (type 3) . . . . . .. . . . . 271
12.6.5 Interference cancellation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
12.7 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
Part IV: LTE and SAE
13 LTE and SAE: introduction and design targets 277
13.1 LTE design targets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
13.1.1 Capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
13.1.2 System performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
13.1.3 Deployment-related aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 281
13.1.4 Architecture and migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
13.1.5 Radio resource management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
13.1.6 Complexity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
13.1.7 General aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 285
13.2 SAE design targets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
14 LTE radio access: an overview 289
14.1 Transmission schemes: downlink OFDM and uplink
SC-FDMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
14.2 Channel-dependent scheduling and rate adaptation . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
14.2.1 Downlink scheduling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
14.2.2 Uplink scheduling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
14.2.3 Inter-cell interference coordination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
14.3 Hybrid ARQ with soft combining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
14.4 Multiple antenna support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
14.5 Multicast and broadcast support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
14.6 Spectrum flexibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 295
14.6.1 Flexibility in duplex arrangement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
14.6.2 Flexibility in frequency-band-of-operation . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
14.6.3 Bandwidth flexibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
15 LTE radio interface architecture 299
15.1 RLC: radio link control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
15.2 MAC: medium access control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
15.2.1 Logical channels and transport channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
15.2.2 Downlink scheduling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
15.2.3 Uplink scheduling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
15.2.4 Hybrid ARQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 309
15.3 PHY: physical layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
15.4 LTE states . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 314
15.5 Data flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
16 LTE physical layer 317
16.1 Overall time-domain structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
16.2 Downlink transmission scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
16.2.1 The downlink physical resource . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
16.2.2 Downlink reference signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
16.2.3 Downlink transport-channel processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
16.2.4 Downlink L1/L2 control signaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
16.2.5 Downlink multi-antenna transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
16.2.6 Multicast/broadcast using MBSFN . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 339
16.3 Uplink transmission scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
16.3.1 The uplink physical resource . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 340
16.3.2 Uplink reference signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 344
16.3.3 Uplink transport-channel processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
16.3.4 Uplink L1/L2 control signaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
16.3.5 Uplink timing advance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 353
17 LTE access procedures 357
17.1 Cell search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
17.1.1 Cell-search procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
17.1.2 Time/frequency structure of synchronization signals. . . . . 359
17.1.3 Initial and neighbor-cell search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 360
17.2 Random access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
17.2.1 Step 1: Random access preamble transmission . . . . . . . . . 363
17.2.2 Step 2: Random access response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
17.2.3 Step 3: Terminal identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
17.2.4 Step 4: Contention resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
17.3 Paging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
18 System Architecture Evolution 371
18.1 Functional split between radio access network and core
network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 372
18.1.1 Functional split between WCDMA/HSPA radio
access network and core network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 372
18.1.2 Functional split between LTE RAN and core
network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
18.2 HSPA/WCDMA and LTE radio access network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
18.2.1 WCDMA/HSPA radio access network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
18.2.2 LTE radio access network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
18.3 Core network architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 382
18.3.1 GSM core network used for WCDMA/HSPA. . . . . . . . . . 382
18.3.2 The ‘SAE’ core network: the Evolved Packet Core . . . . . 386
18.3.3 WCDMA/HSPA connected to Evolved Packet Core. . . . . 388
Part V: Performance and Concluding Remarks
19 Performance of 3G evolution 393
19.1 Performance assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
19.1.1 End-user perspective of performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
19.1.2 Operator perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
19.2 Performance evaluation of 3G evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
19.2.1 Models and assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
19.2.2 Performance numbers for LTE with 5MHz
FDD carriers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
19.3 Evaluation of LTE in 3GPP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
19.3.1 LTE performance requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
19.3.2 LTE performance evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
19.3.3 Performance of LTE with 20MHz FDD carrier . . . . . . . . 404
19.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
20 Other wireless communications systems 407
20.1 UTRA TDD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
20.2 CDMA2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
20.2.1 CDMA2000 1x . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
20.2.2 1x EV-DO Rev 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
20.2.3 1x EV-DO Rev A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
20.2.4 1x EV-DO Rev B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
20.2.5 1x EV-DO Rev C (UMB). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
20.3 GSM/EDGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 416
20.3.1 Objectives for the GSM/EDGE evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
20.3.2 Dual-antenna terminals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 418
20.3.3 Multi-carrier EDGE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 418
20.3.4 Reduced TTI and fast feedback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
20.3.5 Improved modulation and coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 420
20.3.6 Higher symbol rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
20.4 WiMAX (IEEE 802.16) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
20.4.1 Spectrum, bandwidth options and duplexing
arrangement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
20.4.2 Scalable OFDMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
20.4.3 TDD frame structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
20.4.4 Modulation, coding and Hybrid ARQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
20.4.5 Quality-of-service handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
20.4.6 Mobility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
20.4.7 Multi-antenna technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
20.4.8 Fractional frequency reuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
20.5 Mobile Broadband Wireless Access (IEEE 802.20) . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
20.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
21 Future evolution 431
21.1 IMT-Advanced . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432
21.2 The research community . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 433
21.3 Standardization bodies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
21.4 Concluding remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
References 435
Index 445

Performance Enhancements in a Frequency Hopping GSM Network

2008-06-02 13:01:37

Preface

Mobile communications has during the last couple of years undergone an
explosive progress in terms of number of subscribers as well in the effort put into
related research. The subscriber increase has lead to requirements concerning better
network quality and higher network capacity in order for the operators to be able to
handle the requests. During the last 5 years a substantial amount of resources has
therefore been put into enhancement to existing mobile radio systems like GSM.
This book provides a detailed description on how to enhance the BSS part of a
GSM network using frequency hopping. The intention is to present a newly
developed method for modelling a frequency hopping GSM network as well as to
show the performance gains of different capacity enhancements. Everything is done
within the scope of enhancing the performance of a frequency hopping GSM
network.
One of the main issues in this book is to describe a new way of designing radio
system performance enhancement features by using detailed computer network
modelling. It has been done by combining link level and system level simulations to
be able to achieve a high resolution in time. The link simulator developed and
exploited provides a link performance model of the slow associated control channel
(SACCH) as well as the full rate traffic channel (TCH/FS) in GSM. The network
simulator, able to model the BSS part of the GSM network, is described and used
extensively. Effects like cell structure, handover and power control algorithms,
discontinuous transmission, traffic distribution, radio propagation and other network
functionality’s are modelled. In the book a model of the gain from frequency
hopping is described and used for link as well as for system level calculations.
Correspondingly the book treats the issue of measuring network quality in a
frequency hopping network using simulations as well as real data. Alternative ways
of exploiting frequency hopping using MAIO-management are also proposed.
The second major issue of the book, concrete capacity and quality
enhancements, are documented throughout several of the chapters. Investigations of
the how to improve the capacity along with the implications when combining
downlink power control and discontinuous transmission in a frequency hopping
GSM network are described. Also, a handover algorithm for GSM is studied for the
frequency hopping GSM environment. Several handover enhancements are proposed
and investigated. A detailed study, using a handover algorithm that enables reuse
partitioning, of how to increase the cell capacity is also treated. This principle is
based on a combination of the IUO reuse partitioning algorithm and frequency
hopping. Various models are developed to investigate the absolute capacity
potential. Several enhancements are furthermore proposed, increasing the cell
capacity even further. The last performance enhancing subject treated takes a more
practical view. It concerns frequency planning in a frequency hopping GSM
network. Initially a newly developed method of how to do frequency planning of
frequency hopping networks is described. This method includes the gain from
frequency hopping directly in the allocation process. Concerning the same issue an
improved method for graphical visualisation of a frequency plan for frequency
hopping networks has been developed and is also described.
In general Chapter 1 through 6 provides an overview of the overall subject and
the methods used to treat frequency hopping in GSM. In Chapter 7 the issue of
downlink power control and DTX is treated in combination with frequency hopping.
Chapter 8 deals with various existing and newly proposed handover algorithms. In
Chapter 9 the network capacity is enhanced by combining reuse partitioning and
frequency hopping. The book concludes treating the issue of frequency planning of
frequency hopping GSM networks.
The book is written in such a way that it should be possible to read each of the
design chapters (4 through 10) individually if only a certain subject is of interest. In
general throughout the book many references have been used. Frequently more than
one reference is used at a time. The idea of this is to provide the reader with easy
access to related literature. In that way the book can be used as a work of reference.
The literature list is included in the end of the book.
The book is intended for everyone interested in mobile radio communication
systems. In general a high level of practical relevance relates to all the subjects
treated, making the book especially relevant for network infrastructure
manufacturers and network operators.

Contents

PREFACE xi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xiii
1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. PERFORMANCE ENHANCING STRATEGIES AND EVALUATION
METHODS 7
3. A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO THE GSM SYSTEM 19
4. LINK MODELLING AND LINK PERFORMANCE 31
5. COMPUTER AIDED NETWORK DESIGN 53
6. INFLUENCE OF FH ON A GSM SYSTEM 67
7. POWER CONTROL AND DTX IN A FH GSM SYSTEM 103
8. HANDOVER ALGORITHMS IN A GSM SYSTEM 149
9. COMBINING REUSE PARTITIONING AND FREQUENCY HOPPING
IN A GSM NETWORK 203
10. FREQUENCY PLANNING OF FREQUENCY HOPPING NETWORKS 267
REFERENCES 317
INDEX 331